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General comment This is an average EPD for aluminium-covered windows, including outward-opening 55 mm sash windows (BYKO–WA55). The product is double glazed. All hardware components are fixed with screws to the sashes and frames. The window can be side-opening, top-opening or fixed. The dimensions (height × width) are manufactured according to individual customer requirements. The LCA inventory is based on the manufacturer's annual production data and is normalized to 1 m² of window area. The dimensions of the reference product are 1000 × 1000 mm.
The composition of the product is provided in the table below:
Materialvalue (%)Wood~29.4Glass~53.4Metal (Steel + Aluminium )~8.3Plastics (TPE)~0.1Paint, impregnant, primer~8.8
The declared performances are reported in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 305/2011. The harmonized standard for windows and doors is EN 14351-1.
CharacteristicValueUnitGlass typeFlat glass, double glazing-Total weight*~39kgThickness55mmGlass surface*0.67m²Thermal transmittance (EN 10077-1:2017)1.5/1.6W/(m²*K)Safety equipmentn.a.-Sound insulationn.a.-Air permeability (EN 1026:2016)Class 4-Watertightness (EN 1027:2016)Class E1100-Resistance to wind load (EN 12210:2016)Class C5-Racking (EN 14608:2004)Class 2-Torsion (EN 14609:2004)Class 2-Dangerous substancesNone-*Reference size 1m²
All primary data were collected by Bitus Latvia SIA for the reference year of 2025.
For data that are outside the manufacturer's control, generic data were used. Secondary data were sourced from the regularly updated ecoinvent database (version 3.9.1), aligning with EN 15804 standards to ensure background data not exceeding 10 years.
R<THINK EPD web application was used to model the life cycle for the production and disposal of the declared product systems. To ensure that the results are comparable, consistent background data from the international database ecoinvent was used in the LCA (e.g., data records on energy, transport, auxiliary materials, and supplies). Almost all consistent data sets contained in the ecoinvent database are documented and can be viewed online.
The scenarios included are currently in use and are representative for one of the most likely scenario alternatives.
According to the criteria of the "UN Environmental Global Guidance on LCA database development" mentioned in EN 15804+A2, the data quality for all three representativeness categories (geographical, technical and time) can be described as good.
The calculation complies with the principles of polluter pays and modularity.
A payload factor of 50 percent was used for all truck transports, which corresponds to a full delivery and empty return trip. A data set for a non-specific truck was used for the supplier transportation.
A 2% manufacturing waste rate has been assumed for the plastic components (TPE seals), since separate measurement of the associated production waste was not feasible.
As the production waste of the metal and glass components was measured only as a combined waste stream and could not be determined separately for each material, an average manufacturing waste rate of 8% was applied in the calculations.
The demolition process for end-of-life products is assumed to require 0.043 MJ of diesel per kg of product, based on Debacker et al. (2012). This source was selected because it is recommended in the Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCRs) for products used in buildings (2019).
For the end-of-life scenario, it is assumed that the different material fractions of the product can be separated and treated individually. Therefore, material-specific end-of-life scenarios based on the default assumptions of EN 17213 were applied.
Metal components: 95% recycling and 5% landfill.
Wood components: 95% incineration with energy recovery and 5% landfill.
Plastic components: 95% incineration with energy recovery and 5% landfill.
Glass components: 70% recycling and 30% landfill. |
