dce8e585-8992-4cf9-95a5-74b8809975a7 ACBFS - Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag This representative EPD covers air-cooled blast furnace slag (ACBFS), a crystalline by-product formed during the slow cooling of molten blast furnace slag under atmospheric conditions. Once solidified, ACBFS appears as a coarse-grained, rock-like material and is primarily used as a mineral aggregate in the construction industry – for example, in base layers, backfills, or asphalt mixtures. Its use is governed by the applicable standards: EN 12620 – Aggregates for concrete EN 13242 – Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction The specific application of the product is subject to the respective national legal regulations at the place of use, particularly regarding environmental compatibility, installation classes, and approval procedures. The production of ACBFS takes place as part of the pig iron manufacturing process in the blast furnace. Iron-bearing input materials (sinter, pellets, ores) are charged into the furnace along with coke. The uniform composition of this charge significantly influences the chemical composition of the resulting slag. ACBFS can be recycled and reused after (every) excavation. According to the German Substitute Building Materials Ordinance (EBV), ACBFS is classified as HOS 1. Key parameters: pH value: 9–12 Electrical conductivity (µS/cm): < 5000 SO₄ (mg/l): < 1300 Typical chemical composition (by mass %): Chemical compoundAverage value [%]Fe total0.5CaO42SiO₂34MgO7.2Al₂O₃10 The primary data represent iron and steel production in Germany. The quality level of geographical representativity can be considered “good,” the quality level of technical representativity can be considered “good,” and the temporal representativity can also be considered “good.” Therefore, the overall data quality for this EPD can be classified as “good.” To ensure comparability of results, only consistent background data from the ecoinvent database version 3.9.1 was used in the life cycle assessment (e.g. datasets for energy, transport, auxiliary and operating materials), which refer to the reference year 2022. The database is regularly reviewed and thus meets the requirements of EN 15804 (background data not older than 10 years). All consistent datasets contained in the ecoinvent database are documented and can be accessed in the ecoinvent online documentation. For ACBFS, only modules A1–A3 are declared since the material is integrated into other construction products (e.g., cement, concrete) and cannot be physically separated or identified at end of life. 0 European Union Construction phase is outside the scope of the declaration. Product Picture EPD Kiwa-Ecobility Experts (Kiwa-EE) – General Program Instructions "Product Level" (2025-06-03) ecoinvent 3.6 database Reference to original EPD Gaurav Das Freelancer EN 15804+A2 ISO 14025 2025-10-21T08:23:56+00:00 ILCD format 1.1 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 01.00.000 Kiwa-Ecobility Experts, Kiwa GmbH (Berlin) EPD-Kiwa-EE-191089-EN Hüttenwerke Krupp Mannesmann GmbH true Free of charge for all users and uses None. Kiwa-Ecobility Experts, Kiwa GmbH (Berlin) ACBFS - Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag General reminder flow Output 1.0 kg Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0.11552489817859 0.013718634838566 0.43642862261155 0.56567215562871 MJ Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 6.1964625144455 1.0332297188255 37.753124616705 44.982816849976 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of secondary material (SM) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0 0 0 0 kg Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of net fresh water (FW) General reminder flow Input 999.99999999903 0.00033832050828102 0.00012461825208664 0.025307652633527 0.025770591393895 m3 Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 999.20229505453 5.2991596994619E-6 4.8455060183257E-5 999.20234880875 kg Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0.067344715764745 0.0070978485613899 0.10889496672383 0.18333753104996 kg Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 9.711532333818E-7 2.8266996786282E-7 0.00014644256610858 0.00014769638930982 kg Components for re-use (CRU) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Materials for recycling (MFR) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Materials for energy recovery (MER) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Exported electrical energy (EEE) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 MJ Exported thermal energy (EET) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 MJ Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial fossiler Ressourcen (ADPF) Uitputting van fossiele energiedragers (ADPF) 6.1963790502977 1.033091118794 37.753374548356 44.982844717448 MJ Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) Treibhauspotenzial - gesamt (GWP-gesamt) Klimaatverandering - totaal (GWP-totaal) 0.15739886864819 0.083493023990174 2.6899535906931 2.9308454833315 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) Treibhauspotenzial - fossile Brennstoffe (GWP-fossil) Klimaatverandering - fossiele brandstoffen (GWP-fossiel) 0.15725287738813 0.083366305980015 2.6888555259733 2.9294747093414 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) Treibhauspotenzial - biogen (GWP-biogen) Klimaatverandering - biogeen (GWP-biogeen) 7.5170644363287E-5 2.5184885147173E-5 0.00071581245766438 0.00081616798717484 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) Treibhauspotenzial - Landnutzung und Landnutzungsänderung (GWP-luluc) Klimaatverandering - landgebruik en verandering in landgebruik (GWP-luluc) 7.0818846327187E-5 0.0001015331250122 0.00038225219885034 0.00055460417018973 kg CO2-eqv. Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Abbaupotential der stratosphärischen Ozonschicht (ODP) Ozonlaagaantasting (ODP) 1.8649567354618E-9 1.2763986744994E-9 2.8482096351985E-8 3.1623451761946E-8 kg CFC 11 eqv. Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Versauerungspotential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Verzuring (AP) 0.00080250813778296 0.0019594843691262 0.0066424464949954 0.0094044390019046 mol H+ eqv. Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) Eutrophierungspotential - Süßwasser (EP-Süßwasser) Vermesting - zoetwater (EP-zoetwater) 9.1527261188992E-6 5.4001371837476E-7 0.00012282347504403 0.0001325162148813 kg P eqv. Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) Eutrophierungspotential - Marine (EP-Marine) Vermesting - marien (EP-marien) 0.00020861170637664 0.00046793526445817 0.0012850582747691 0.0019616052456039 kg N eqv. Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) Eutrophierungspotential - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) Vermesting - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) 0.0024094066088108 0.0051829168755705 0.014906263395698 0.022498586880079 mol N eqv. Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP) Bildungspotential von troposphärischem Ozon (POCP) Smogvorming (POCP) 0.00078015674053539 0.0014429996567745 0.0045508813240616 0.0067740377213715 kg NMVOC eqv. Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial für nicht fossile Ressourcen (ADPE) Uitputting van abiotische grondstoffen, ex fossiele energiedragers (ADPE) 6.2897031287629E-7 1.115086686255E-7 1.2889313162395E-5 1.3629792143897E-5 kg Sb-eqv Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) Wasser-(Nutzer-)Entzugspotenzial (WDP) Watergebruik (WDP) 0.0045019441447512 0.0032909490829976 0.17551218169035 0.1833050749181 m3 world eqv. Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) Potenzielle Inzidenz von Krankheiten aufgrund von PM-Emissionen (PM) Fijnstof emissie (PM) 7.1141002322576E-9 2.8074181380638E-9 2.2914124719899E-8 3.283564309022E-8 disease incidence Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) Potenzielle Expositionseffizienz des Menschen im Verhältnis zu U235 (IRP) Ioniserende straling (IRP) 0.0014135262948642 0.00043548177402927 0.11246483470188 0.11431384277077 kBq U235 eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für Ökosysteme (ETP-fw) Ecotoxiciteit (zoetwater) (ETP-fw) 1.7697336272634 0.51961385673581 6.1471392554682 8.4364867394674 CTUe Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) Potenzielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen - Krebswirkungen (HTP-c) Humane toxiciteit, carcinogeen (HTP-c) 1.2608949974237E-9 4.2958980230329E-11 6.6292655535738E-10 1.9667805330114E-9 CTUh Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen – nicht krebserregende Wirkungen (HTP-nc) Humane toxiciteit, non-carcinogeen (HTP-nc) 7.8540924418543E-10 3.6050606119638E-10 3.011338959242E-8 3.1259304897802E-8 CTUh Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Potenzieller Bodenqualitätsindex (SQP) Landgebruik gerelateerde impact / bodemkwaliteit (SQP) 0.81812792098526 0.19532595052335 3.2655804701 4.2790343416086 unitless