4b5ef05d-c65b-4777-9d10-d2d0ecc1e7c9 BOFS - Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag This specific EPD covers Linz-Donawitz process slag (BOFS), a by-product generated during the conversion of pig iron into crude steel. As a metallurgically inherent material, BOFS is an unavoidable part of the steelmaking process. Due to its defined chemical composition—primarily consisting of iron oxide, calcium oxide, and silicon dioxide—BOFS is particularly well-suited as a high-quality secondary raw material for road construction. When used as aggregate in various construction applications, BOFS is processed under quality-controlled conditions in accordance with the requirements of the relevant harmonized European standards: EN 13043 – Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields, and other trafficked areas EN 13242 – Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction EN 13383 - Armourstones The specific use of the product is subject to the respective national legal regulations at the place of use, particularly with regard to environmental compatibility, installation classes, and approval procedures. BOFS consists predominantly of oxidic components, particularly iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), and silicon dioxide (SiO₂). These are complemented by smaller proportions of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), magnesium oxide (MgO), and other trace elements. The composition results from the metallurgical process in the LD converter and is characterized by a crystalline structure with high mechanical strength. BOFS can be recycled and reused for the same purpose after excavation, crushing and screening. According to the German Substitute Building Materials Ordinance (EBV), BOFS is classified as SWS 1. pH value: 9–13 Electrical conductivity (µS/cm): < 10,000 F (mg/l): < 1.1 Cr (µg/l): < 110 Mo (µg/l): < 55 V (µg/l): < 180 Chemical compoundAverage Value [%]Fe total19CaO47SiO₂12MgO2Al₂O₃1.6 The primary data represent iron and steel production in Germany. The quality level of geographical representativity can be considered “good,” the quality level of technical representativity can be considered “good,” and the temporal representativity can also be considered “good.” Therefore, the overall data quality for this EPD can be classified as “good.” To ensure comparability of results, only consistent background data from the ecoinvent database version 3.9.1 was used in the life cycle assessment (e.g. datasets for energy, transport, auxiliary and operating materials), which refer to the reference year 2022. The database is regularly reviewed and thus meets the requirements of EN 15804 (background data not older than 10 years). All consistent datasets contained in the ecoinvent database are documented and can be accessed in the ecoinvent online documentation. For BOFS, only modules A1–A3 are declared since the material is integrated into other construction products (e.g., cement, concrete) and cannot be physically separated or identified at end of life. 0 European Union Construction phase is outside the scope of the declaration. Product Picture EPD Kiwa-Ecobility Experts (Kiwa-EE) – General Program Instructions "Product Level" (2025-06-03) ecoinvent 3.6 database Reference to original EPD Gaurav Das Freelancer EN 15804+A2 ISO 14025 2025-10-21T08:23:03+00:00 ILCD format 1.1 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 01.00.000 Kiwa-Ecobility Experts, Kiwa GmbH (Berlin) EPD-Kiwa-EE-191090-EN Hüttenwerke Krupp Mannesmann GmbH true Free of charge for all users and uses None. Kiwa-Ecobility Experts, Kiwa GmbH (Berlin) BOFS - Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag General reminder flow Output 1.0 kg Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0.015963440475586 0.0018956659049654 0.30804642400021 0.32590553038076 MJ Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0.85623845654155 0.1427735611468 36.860003215508 37.859015233196 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of secondary material (SM) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0 0 0 0 kg Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 0 0 0 0 MJ Use of net fresh water (FW) General reminder flow Input 1000.0000000034 4.6749742962468E-5 1.7219976651972E-5 0.024028761326189 0.024092731045803 m3 Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 999.88977168379 7.3224752210746E-7 4.6464100245783E-5 999.88981888014 kg Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0.0093058152693103 0.00098079361939206 0.10551978189776 0.11580639078646 kg Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) General reminder flow Output 1.0 1.3419571952185E-7 3.9059850104681E-8 0.00014166138639888 0.00014183464196851 kg Components for re-use (CRU) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Materials for recycling (MFR) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Materials for energy recovery (MER) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 kg Exported electrical energy (EEE) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 MJ Exported thermal energy (EET) General reminder flow Output 1.0 0 0 0 0 MJ Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial fossiler Ressourcen (ADPF) Uitputting van fossiele energiedragers (ADPF) 0.85622692331387 0.14275440914245 36.859971563275 37.858952895731 MJ Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) Treibhauspotenzial - gesamt (GWP-gesamt) Klimaatverandering - totaal (GWP-totaal) 0.021749661849568 0.01153721786046 2.4468219262538 2.4801088059638 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) Treibhauspotenzial - fossile Brennstoffe (GWP-fossil) Klimaatverandering - fossiele brandstoffen (GWP-fossiel) 0.021729488511815 0.01151970773542 2.4459671503131 2.4792163465603 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) Treibhauspotenzial - biogen (GWP-biogen) Klimaatverandering - biogeen (GWP-biogeen) 1.0387216312018E-5 3.4800932203366E-6 0.00054607317410989 0.00055994048364224 kg CO2-eqv. Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) Treibhauspotenzial - Landnutzung und Landnutzungsänderung (GWP-luluc) Klimaatverandering - landgebruik en verandering in landgebruik (GWP-luluc) 9.7858769470294E-6 1.4030031819868E-5 0.0003087027578627 0.0003325186666296 kg CO2-eqv. Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Abbaupotential der stratosphärischen Ozonschicht (ODP) Ozonlaagaantasting (ODP) 2.5770311253654E-10 1.7637508956719E-10 2.7343765812856E-8 2.777784401496E-8 kg CFC 11 eqv. Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Versauerungspotential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Verzuring (AP) 0.00011089203358455 0.0002707651128247 0.0064783130692502 0.0068599702156594 mol H+ eqv. Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) Eutrophierungspotential - Süßwasser (EP-Süßwasser) Vermesting - zoetwater (EP-zoetwater) 1.2647403364297E-6 7.4620077448149E-8 0.00011994096043345 0.00012128032084733 kg P eqv. Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) Eutrophierungspotential - Marine (EP-Marine) Vermesting - marien (EP-marien) 2.8826344881135E-5 6.4660145634219E-5 0.001260533223632 0.0013540197141474 kg N eqv. Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) Eutrophierungspotential - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) Vermesting - terrestrisch (EP-terrestrisch) 0.00033293618594477 0.00071618487735157 0.014622236607344 0.01567135767064 mol N eqv. Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP) Bildungspotential von troposphärischem Ozon (POCP) Smogvorming (POCP) 0.00010780347687398 0.00019939631620884 0.0044462434294727 0.0047534432225555 kg NMVOC eqv. Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisches Abbaupotenzial für nicht fossile Ressourcen (ADPE) Uitputting van abiotische grondstoffen, ex fossiele energiedragers (ADPE) 8.6912261415632E-8 1.5408470573706E-8 1.279572584431E-5 1.2898046576299E-5 kg Sb-eqv Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) Wasser-(Nutzer-)Entzugspotenzial (WDP) Watergebruik (WDP) 0.00062208682727471 0.00045474932783239 0.13603378124026 0.13711061739537 m3 world eqv. Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) Potenzielle Inzidenz von Krankheiten aufgrund von PM-Emissionen (PM) Fijnstof emissie (PM) 9.8303930482106E-10 3.8793414271427E-10 2.2313380119113E-8 2.3684353566648E-8 disease incidence Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) Potenzielle Expositionseffizienz des Menschen im Verhältnis zu U235 (IRP) Ioniserende straling (IRP) 0.00019532363347214 6.0175663320408E-5 0.1064896963466 0.10674519564339 kBq U235 eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für Ökosysteme (ETP-fw) Ecotoxiciteit (zoetwater) (ETP-fw) 0.24454501031276 0.071801187476221 6.0247833250498 6.3411295228388 CTUe Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) Potenzielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen - Krebswirkungen (HTP-c) Humane toxiciteit, carcinogeen (HTP-c) 1.7423276328036E-10 5.9361499954636E-12 5.9759115775847E-10 7.7776007103429E-10 CTUh Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) Potentielle vergleichende toxische Einheit für den Menschen – nicht krebserregende Wirkungen (HTP-nc) Humane toxiciteit, non-carcinogeen (HTP-nc) 1.0852927737835E-10 4.9815383001681E-11 2.9846510431534E-8 3.0004855091914E-8 CTUh Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Potenzieller Bodenqualitätsindex (SQP) Landgebruik gerelateerde impact / bodemkwaliteit (SQP) 0.11305040362705 0.026990494981408 3.1525175691298 3.2925584677383 unitless